This report highlights the critical role of energy efficiency in improving the economic and environmental performance of Midwest pulp and paper mills. WRI's analysis finds that less efficient facilities could realize significant annual energy cost savings, and decrease their greenhouse gas emissions, by investing in initiatives to meet the industry's national average efficiency level. Through energy efficiency measures like those detailed in this report, pulp and paper mills in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and elsewhere are reducing their energy use even while increasing production. And such improvements can reduce mills' greenhouse gas emissions even more than switching from coal or oil to natural gas.